Too much deuterium in cosmic rays and too anti-helium that should not exist

There is also evidence from AMS-2 for antideuteron and antihelium events, even in the case of anti ⁴He. The evidence has been reported already 2022 (see this). The presence of anti ⁴He in the cosmic ray spectrum is especially difficult to understand and forces us to ask whether astrophysical objects consisting of antimatter do exist.

The standard story about cosmic rays goes as follows. The abundance of primordial deuterons is very small. Cosmic rays are either primary or secondary. Primary cosmic rays, such as would be formed in supernova explosions. Secondary cosmic rays such as deuteron and ³He are formed in collisions of primary cosmic rays, in particular ⁴He nuclei, with the interstellar medium.

1. Surplus of deuterium nuclei

The surplus of deuterium nuclei challenges this picture (there are also earlier findings of this kind). The flux of cosmic ray deuterons normalized to ⁴He flux is larger than predicted at higher energies and at highest energies studied comparable to the proton flux. This is very strange since protons are primary cosmic rays.

This raises the question whether there is some other non-standard source of cosmic ray deuterons: arey these deuterons really secondary cosmic rays. This forces us to ask whether the nuclear physics of the Sun is what we believe it to be.

In fact, the mechanism producing nuclei heavier than Fe in supernova explosions is poorly understood and there are also anomalies in the abundances of the lighter nuclei. The standard narrative about the core of the Sun cannot be directly tested and indirect tests do not support it. Neutrino flux is too low and also the heat transfer by convection is quite too flow suggesting that the flux of nuclei from the core is much lower than predicted. There are many other anomalies challenging the idea that solar energy is produced in the core and the mechanism producing the solar wind. Is the solar interior what we believe it to be?

TGD leads to a radically new view of the physics of the Sun (see this). In TGD view, the solar wind and solar energy would be produced in the decays of nuclear strings of predicted M₈₉ nucleons with mass 512 times the mass of the ordinary nucleon at the monopole flux tubes of the magnetic field of the Sun to ordinary nuclei.

The proposal is that the decay mechanism is based on p-adic cooling in which the mass of the nucleon decreases by factor 1/2 in each step and the p-adic mass scale is reduced octave by octave (period doubling). This would produce ordinary nuclei of the solar wind with reasonable energies heating the medium and creating solar corona. This model forces us to completely change our view of the Sun and its interior since the energy and solar wind and even cosmic rays would be produced at its surface.

These decays would produce a huge amount of energy liberated as scaled up variants of ordinary hadrons, in particular the mesons of M₈₉ physics. The mesons and gammas would eventually decay to ordinary mesons and gamma rays and importantly, also to nucleon-antinucleon pairs, maybe even deuteron-antideuteron pairs, maybe even helium-antihelium pairs for which AMS also provides evidence (see this). This could explain the mysterious gamma ray anomalies of the Sun, suggesting that two new hadron physics are involved: M₈₉ hadron physics and M_G,79 hadron physics. Here "G" refers to Gaussian integers.

The decay mechanism of M₈₉ nuclei at the stellar surfaces would not distinguish between secondary and primary cosmic rays and would produce cosmic rays, in particular deuterons. Could these decays serve as the origin of the cosmic rays.

2. What about the surplus of anti-deuterium and anti-helium nuclei?

One can imagine several mechanisms.

1. Could also the mysterious anti-deuterium and anti-Helium nuclei be understood as resulting from the decays of mesons for scaled up variants of the ordinary hadron physics appearing as intermediate steps in the p-adic cooling. Naive scaling suggests that scaled up pions with mass scaled up by the ratio, which is larger than 2m(⁴He)/m(pion)= 8m_p/m(pion) ≈ 112 are required. The mass scale of the interediated nuclei would be about 2⁷=128. They could correspond to a p-adic prime p∼2⁹³.

   It is however difficult to understand why the decay products would not consist of only nucleon-anti nucleon pairs. A fusion of these antinucleons to antinuclei would be required after the decay. If the emitted nuclei, which are nuclear strings in the TGD framework, propagate along the same flux tube this might actually take place.

2. A more elegant option is that the antimatter nuclei correspond to $M_{89}$ antinuclear flux tubes, which decay to ordinary antinuclear strings by reconnection.
3. An alternative TGD inspired explanation relies on the TGD view of the matter antimatter asymmetry. There would be no actual asymmetry but by the CP violation there is a surplus of antimatter inside some monopole flux tubes and a surplus of matter in their environments. The obvious objection is that the asymmetry should be universal so that very long monopole flux tubes should carry antimatter.
   1. Suppose that the antimatter can reside in this kind of flux tubes, perhaps as dark matter in the TGD sense. This would make possible the entire spectrum of nuclei as decay products from the splitting of the anti flux tube to pieces. Mechanism would be very similar to that proposed at the surface of the Sun and forces us to ask whether antistars could exist.
   2. One can also imagine other realizations. For instance, I have considered the possibility that the long monopole flux tubes giving rise to linear structures along which galaxies are located, could contain antimatter, perhaps as $M_{89}$ anti nuclei. Note that if the $M_{89}$ nucleons arrive at the Sun along flux tubes emerging from the galactic BH, then galactic BH would naturally consist of matter and anti nuclei should have some other source.

See the chapter More about TGD and Cosmology .